Buzzing Insects American Paparazzi - 1892 Words

The American paparazzi have been described by celebrities and the news media as scum-of-the-Earth—mean, intrusive scavengers who feast upon other people’s misery (Saltzman par. 4). Imagine taking a walk with your friends in a secluded hiking trail. You are trying to enjoy the peace and serenity that the beautiful day brings; however, as fortune has it, you are a celebrity. Along with your fame come people gazing and staring at you, and fans asking for pictures or autographs. Ultimately, causing a scene wherever you go. Yet today, you found some time alone to enjoy a few moments of solitude, or so you thought. Far off in the distance, you see a determined photographer ready to complete his quest of getting some shots that will turn a nice profit for him. The seconds get shorter and the photographer closes in on his victim: You. His camera flashes in your face and the flickering lights hurt your eyes. The photographer, or more appropriately, the paparazzi was just taking pictures in a public place so were they really breaking any laws? It has been proven that paparazzi tactics of hunting icons have led to trespassing, behavior constituting assault, and invasion of their targeted celebrity’s privacy (McNamura 14). The paparazzi have gotten out of hand, and their antagonistic behavior, intended or not, should be restricted. The paparazzi’s first line of defense is not an unfamiliar one in this democratic country of ours. Their battle cry is freedom of the press or freedom ofShow MoreRelatedBuzzing Insects: American Paparazzi1594 Words   |  7 PagesThe American paparazzi have been described by celebrities and the news media as scum-of-the-Earth—mean, intrusive scavengers who feast upon other people’s misery (Saltzman par. 4). Imagine taking a walk with your children in a secluded hiking trail. You are trying to enjoy the peace and serenity that the beautiful day brings, but, as fate has it, you are a celebrity. Along with your fame come fans constantly asking for your autograph, people gazing and staring at you, and ultimately causing a sceneRead MoreEssay Laws against the Paparazzi Frenzy849 Words   |  4 PagesImagine yourself rich and famous, living the modern American Dream. Now, imagine constantly being stalked by a herd of random strangers bombarding you with cameras. Over the years, the paparazzi have sought scandals from celebrities in order to receive money. In the process, they have stripped thousands of celebrities from their privacy rights. According to the 2006 blog, â€Å"The Digital Paparazzi†, there have been 1,360 different events between the years of 1999 and 2010 involving the intrusive photographersRead MoreThe History Of Photojournalism A Picture1212 Words   |  5 Pagesengravers. But after a few years,halftones were embraced by the press, and by 1910, engravings had all but disappeared. Front page news was now covered with actual views of the most current events, includingpictures of Titanic passengers in 1912, American troops being sent to Europe in 1917, andWoodrow Wilson signing the Treaty of Versailles in 1918. Photojournalists also began to explorethe darker side of our culture. No one could stir more emotion than freelance photographer, Lewis W. Hine. He

The Awakening Essay - 1091 Words

Books, unlike movies, have been around since the beginning of time. For the most part, they are more meaningful than the movies that are made from these books. This is due to the fact that an author is able to convey his/her message clearer and include things in the book that cannot be exhibited in a movie. For this reason, the reader of the book is much more effected than the viewer of the film. In the novella, The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, there is much more evidence of symbolism as well as deeper meaning than in the movie version of the book, Grand Isle. Chopin conveys her symbolic messages through the main character’s newly acquired ability to swim, through the birds, through sleep, and through images of the moon. amp;#9;Edna†¦show more content†¦amp;#9;Another major symbolic image in this novel is the birds. They are, however, almost completely disregarded in the movie. They symbolize repeating cycles as well as the entrapment of women. In the opening lines of the book, the parrot keeps quot;repeating over and over: ‘Allez vous-en! Allez vous-en! Sapristi!’quot; (Chopin, 1) This represents the cycles that reoccur throughout the novel. One example is the nine-month cycle of life that is evident through Madame Ratignolle’s pregnancy. Additionally, the mocking bird represents the ability to dare and defy for he quot;hung on the other side of the door, whistling his fluty notes out upon the breeze with maddening persistence.quot; (Chopin, 1) The movie doesn’t mention any of this. amp;#9;The entrapment of women is another element that’s represented by the birds. It’s characterized by the quot;pigeon-housequot; (Chopin, 99) that Edna moves into. It quot;stood behind a locked gate, and a shallow parterre that had been somewhat neglected.quot; (Chopin, 99) The pigeon house represents inequality that women had to face in Chopin’s times. The locked gate shows that women were anything but free during that time period. The two parrots that are in a cage further support this. They are just like Edna hoping to escape from society’s rules and standards. She relates herself to a quot;bird winging its flight away from [Lamp;eacute;once].quot; (Chopin, 27) She does this because he treated her like aShow MoreRelatedThe Awakening on Kate Chopins The Awakening1745 Words   |  7 Pages The time period of the 1880s that Kate Chopin lived in influenced her to write The Awakening, a very controversial book because of many new depictions of women introduced in the book. The Awakening is a book about a woman, Edna Pontellier. In the beginning, she is a happy woman with her husband and 2 kids vacationing at Grand Isle. While there, Edna realizes she is in love with Robert Lebrun and that she was just forced into an unloving/dissatisfying marriage with Mr. Pontellier. Robert howeverRead MoreDemoralization In The Awakening1584 Words   |  7 Pagesthem and cause them to lose hope. Kate Chopin uses words like â€Å"depressed† (56), â€Å"hopeless† (56) and â€Å"despondency† (p115) to describe Edna, the heroine, in The Awakening. Coupling this description with Edna taking her life at the end of the novel and Chopin’s own inferred demoralization, due to the almost universal aversion to The Awakening, the natural conclusion is that it is a work of â€Å"great personal demoralization†, (Companion 5) as Michael Levenson states. Levenson suggests most modernist authorsRead MoreFeminism In The Awakening1562 Words   |  7 Pagesprivileges as each other. Basic human rights would give others the notion that this is how all humans should have been treated from the beginning. However, this is far from the truth. Books like The Awakening, give us an inside look at how women were treated around 100 years ago. When Kate Chopin wrote The Awakening, she created a blueprint for how we see modern feminism. Without being obvious, Chopin showed how one woman started to liberate herself from an oppressive society. During the 1800s when the bookRead MoreEssay on The Awakening1610 Words   |  7 Pages In their analytical papers on The Awakening by Kate Chopin, both Elaine Showalter and Elizabeth Le Blanc speak to the importance of homosocial relationship to Edna’s awakenings. They also share the viewpoint that Edna’s return to the sea in the final scene of the book represents Edna being one with her female lover and finding the fulfillment she has been seeking. We see evidence of this idea of the sea as a feminine from Showalter when she tells us that â€Å"As the female body is prone to wetness,Read MoreSymbolism In The Awakening1420 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyzing Chopin’s use of symbolism in â€Å"The Awakening† What would one expect to be the personality of a woman, who was raised in a family of no man dominance in the year of 1800? Kate Chopin was born in Missouri, in 1850 and was one of the five children. At very young age, Kate lost her both sisters and her brother. At age of five, Kate was sent to a Catholic school. Not long after leaving her home, Chopin loses her father. Kate is being sent home from school to live with her mother, grandmotherRead More Essay on The Awakening712 Words   |  3 PagesCritical Views of The Awakening      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Awakening, written by Kate Chopin, is full of ideas and understanding about human nature. In Chopins time, writing a story with such great attention to sensual details in both men and women caused skepticism among readers and critics. However, many critics have different views with deeper thought given to The Awakening. Symbolism, the interpretation of Ednas suicide, and awakenings play important roles in the analysis of all critics.    SymbolismRead More The Awakening Essay2046 Words   |  9 Pages The Awakening is a story full of symbolism and imagery that can have many different meanings to the many who have read it. I have read several different theories on Kate Chopin’s meaning and though some are vastly different, they all seem to make sense. It has been said that Kate Chopin might have been ambiguous just for this reason. At some point, almost everyone struggles with knowing or not knowing their purpose in life, and therefore it seems, that on some level, most who read the story aboutRead More Essay on The Awakening733 Words   |  3 PagesCriticism of The Awakening      Ã‚   Reading through all of the different criticism of Kate Chopin’s The Awakening has brought about ideas and revelations that I had never considered during my initial reading of the novel.   When I first read the text, I viewed it as a great work of art to be revered.   However, as I read through all of the passages, I began to examine Chopin’s work more critically and to see the weaknesses and strengths of her novel.   Reading through others interpretations of herRead MoreThe movie Awakenings4852 Words   |  20 PagesMeagan McGee Psychology 1300 Awakenings The movie Awakenings starring Robin Williams and Robert De Niro portrays the true story of a doctor named Dr. Malcolm Sayer, and the events of the summer of 1969 at a psychiatric hospital in New York. Dr. Malcolm Sayer, who is a research physician, is confronted with a number of patients who had each been afflicted with a devastating disease called Encephalitis Lethargica. The illness killed most of the people who contracted it, but some were left livingRead MoreThe Awakening Analysis886 Words   |  4 Pagesvalue of one’s life. In The Awakening, Kate Chopin implicitly conveys the sacrifice Edna Pontellier makes in the life which provides insight of her character and attributions to her â€Å"awakening.† She sacrificed her past of a lively and youthful life and compressed it to a domestic and reserved lifestyle of housewife picturesque. However, she meets multiple acquaintances who help her express her dreams and true identity. Mrs. Pontellier’s sacrifice establ ished her awakening to be defiant and drift away

Debate on British Monarchy Free Essays

Good evening, everybody. Today I am going to bring in the debate on should the British Monarchy be demolished or not. I will talk on both sides and would like everyone to pay attention so that you all can be part of this discussion. We will write a custom essay sample on Debate on British Monarchy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The British monarchy can be discussed in Britain as well and if it did have a vote the result outcome would be equal and would have a stronger and more interesting debate. In UK the power of the queen is not much as a head of state or in the government but more in representing the country. In Pakistan and the US the president would be the same power as the Prime Minister in UK. There are many reasons we should get rid of the monarchy here are they: Many times it has been the case that the monarch is not British and from somewhere else. The questions which raises in everyone’s mind is that, I am British and still a worker, but she is from somewhere else and a monarch? Why does she deserve it? This has a very harsh effect on the people and the state, since she might be helping her country with the money from the British people. She brings more people into to UK to work and earn money from there. The queen is not important because she does not participate in the government or running the country the job is done by the Prime minister. The only thing she does is signs the final bill so that it becomes a law. Unfortunately she does not check it, or read it. The parliament decides amongst them by using a vote and debate system and decides on the bill. The queen is there used as a signer. There is a fact that it brings tourism and makes the country more popular, but that even wastes money. You have to give the money to the queen for sitting and sleeping and eating all day. For example when the people come they buy souvenirs but they even stay here and we serve them. We have to have more space and more habitats for them to live. That costs a lot! The queen does not even have the power to raise her voice in from of the government, since she does not participate in the issues and country development the citizens think she does not exist. She does not even come out in public and talk she just sleeps. For example a riot is happening out there but she is still having her tea on time and not deciding or thinking of a solution. She takes enough money as a person on high level would take in a year she takes it in a month, for example I get 300,000 rupees a year, but she takes it in a click. What does she do with that nothing keeps it because the country takes care of the cost she uses regarding the country! Now I have brought the discussion of the monarchy to be demolished to an end and will start to give my voice about keeping the monarch. You can take a short break and have snacks and then I will carry on. Why should we spoil a tradition of centuries of Britain that there would be kings and queens in Britain to rule it? There are so many monarchs who have done well for the country and some who have taken action on the parliament. Just like Queen Anne of Britain who refused to the bill because she read it and checked it not only signed it. The queen helps Britain a lot because they are the ones who created the British parliament. The British created 209 years before from today. Since the queen has not many jobs she still focuses only on Britain and its development. It gives some people to show off for their country. The queen and the palace bring a lot of tourism and more of the population to Britain to show off as well. For example if something cool happens like taking a signature of a popular movie star makes you look cool, but nevertheless the queen acts like a figure to help you show off. Not only that but she at least plays a role in the country and gets very popular just like that. Some people say it is good to keep because she keeps good relations with other countries and has contact and can take help from them. Such as when they are in war or in violent states there are other countries which support and help them. The queen can even make friends with Britain, but they were enemies before. The queen is a symbolic figure and has a status throughout the world. For example when she goes to other countries or in her own country is not hit by shoes or people say bad things or protest against her. Her hands which she wears gloves is so powerful that is makes the countries friends. And the hand keeps everyone united in the UK. Ladies and gentlemen’s I have brought myself to a conclusion that the queen should stay because she is a generation of the others who were there centuries ago. She represents the history of Britain. How to cite Debate on British Monarchy, Essay examples

Research Eassy Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment

Questions: (a) Explain whether there is a relationship between inflation and unemployment. Should government interfere and reduce inflation and unemployment? Provide real life examples?(b) Using your home country(INDIA) as a case study outline and analyse inflation, unemployment and growth trends. Identify what range of the aggregate supply curve your country is operating in?(c) Explain how monetary policy can influence an economy, including the exchange rate and employment levels? Answers: Introduction: In recent times the nature of the economies has changed significantly. It is evident that the inter connectedness among the nations has increased extensively especially after globalisation. Thus the risks of financial slowdown in one nation can also affect other countries as well due to increased financial connectivity within the nations. The global recession of 2008-09 created an extensive impact in every economy due to such interconnectivity. It is known that there are various factors that affect the growth and development of an economy and these factors can also be referred as the indicators of the performance of an economy. Such factors can include the inflation rate, unemployment rate, GDP growth rate, National output, per capital income etc. These factors can indicate how well an economy is performing. The government also implements various measures in terms of fiscal and monetary policy for improving the condition of the economy (Colander, 2013). The main aim of this essay is to indicate the relationship between various indicators and the measures that are taken by government to improve the economic condition. (a) Relationship between Inflation and Unemployment: Inflation and unemployment are two economic performance indicators of an economy. Inflation can be referred as the increase in general price level of an economy. On the other hand, unemployment is the increase in the percentage of people who are looking for jobs but they are not getting any. Thus when people are actively seeking work but are still without work are unemployed (Hubbard and O'Brien, 2013). The increase in the percentage of unemployed people leads to increase in the unemployment rate. Thus it can be said that the inflation and unemployment are two very important economic indicators. In case of inflation, it can be said that it is undesirable for an economy. Thus the government takes measures to control the inflation in an economy. High inflation is socially undesirable as it increases the price level of goods and services and general population faces difficulties (Layton, Tucker and Robinson, 2002). On the other hand unemployment is also socially undesirable as more peop le will be out of work and it increases the burden on the society and reduces output (Hubbard and O'Brien, 2013). It is evident that there is a trade-off among the inflation and unemployment. That means there is a negative relationship between the inflation and unemployment. The inverse relation between the two factors is represented by the Phillips curve. Thus it can be said that when the inflation rate increases, the unemployment rate falls. The locus of various combinations of the inflation rate and their corresponding unemployment rates in an economy gives the Phillips curve (Krugman and Wells, 2013). Here it can be said that, the negative relationship between the two factors can be seen in the short-run. Such relationship is not proved to be true in the long-run. In the following diagram, the relationship between inflation and unemployment in the short-run or the Phillips curve is shown. So, it is can be said that unemployment can be reduced in an economy if the government implements inflationary policies. So inflation is not absolutely undesirable in an economy. It is known that there are basically two types of inflation that can be seen in an economy. They are demand pull and cost push inflation. In case of demand pull inflation, the aggregate demand of an economy increases and thus there is a shift of the aggregate demand curve to rightwards. This increases the price level and the output level also increases in the economy (Mankiw, 2013). Thus the firms hire more workers for the production process or catering to the increased aggregate demand and it leads to lower unemployment rate. In the following diagram, the impact of demand pull inflation can be shown (Layton, Tucker and Robinson, 2002). According to Milton Friedman, the Phillips curve is only valid in the short-run. Thus in the long run, the inflationary policy will not address the unemployment issue of the economy. Government Intervention: It is identified that inflation and unemployment are both undesirable in the society. But there is a trade-off between the two factors that means an increase in one factor can lead to the reduction of the other. So, it is very important to take appropriate measures to maintain the balance between the two factors and maximise the social and economic welfare in an economy. Thus government intervention is necessary for implementation of various policies and procedures in order to increase the employment level of an economy and also maintain the inflation at a tolerable leve (This is Money, 2015)l. The government can intervene in the economy with the help of fiscal and monetary policies. The fiscal instruments include the tax rate and the government expenditure. On the other hand the monetary measures include the money supply and interest rates. These can be used in order to increase or lower the inflation and unemployment rate. Here several examples can be given that represents the negative relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate. In the following diagram, the trend of inflation and unemployment can be shown. Source: (Media, 2015) It can be seen that, when the inflation rate has increased the unemployment rate has fallen in the economy. There can be exceptions to the theory as well. In 2011, it is seen that the inflation rate and the unemployment rate has increased and in 2012, both inflation rate and unemployment rate has reduced. The government intervention in the economy can be referred as one of the measures that helped in reducing both unemployment rate and the inflation rate in the economy. (b) Inflation, Unemployment and Growth Trends in India: In each and every economy the inflation and unemployment is considered as two major indicators of the performance of an economy. These factors can also affect the growth level of the economy. Thus it can be said that there is a relationship between the inflation rate, unemployment rate and the growth rate. Here the inflation, unemployment and growth trends in India in the past few years can be shown and relationship can be established. The inflation rate is the general increase of the price level in an economy. It is known that, India is one of the emerging economies in the world and the interconnectedness of the country with other country is also significant. India is connected with various countries in terms of trade relations or foreign direct investment. Thus the shortage or surplus of a product leads to rising prices and thus the inflation in the economy. In December 2014, the inflation rate was recorded at 5. In 2012 the inflation rate was 8.98 and it was at all time high rates of 11.16% in November 2013. The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) is the main measure that is used in India for inflation. But there are also the debate regarding the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to be a better measure of presenting the inflation in an economy. The most important categories that are included in CPI are tobacco, food and beverages. Other products are housing, fuel and light, transport and communication, clothing bedding and foo twear, medical care, and education. In the following table various measures of inflation are given. Source: (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) In the following diagram the inflation rate of India from 1959 to 2013 is shown. It is seen that the fluctuation in the inflation rate is high during earlier decades. In recent decade, the fluctuation in the price level is minimised and the inflation rate is maintained at a lower level. In 2009, the CPI was as high as 14.97%. the main reason for such inflation rate can be referred as the global financial recession during that time (Media, 2015). Source: (Media, 2015) Now the unemployment trend in India can be evaluated. It is known that the unemployment rate refers to the percentage of people who are willing to do a job and are also looking for a job but are not receiving any employment opportunities in the market. Unemployment is also undesirable in an economy. It is known that the population density in India is very high and thus it is very important to generate employment opportunity for the employees. The unemployment rate in India averaged 7.58% from 1983 until 2012. The unemployment rate in India was 6.30 % in 2011. It decreased to 5.20% in 2012. All time high unemployment rate in India was seen in 2009 when it reached 9.40% (Statista, 2015). Such trend was seen due to the global financial crisis at that time. The ministry of Labour and Unemployment mainly reports the unemployment rate in the country (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015). In the following graph the unemployment rate in India is shown from 2000 to 2014. Source: (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) In the above diagram, it can be seen that the unemployment rate in the country increased steadily from 2000 till 2006. After that the unemployment rate fell for the next two years and after that a sharp increase was seen in the unemployment rate from 2008 to 2010. After 2010, there was significant reduction in the unemployment rate in the economy. In the following table, data on various factors related to unemployment rate is shown. Here it can be said that the unemployment rate in recent years has declined significantly due to increased government intervention in the economy. It is evident that the government has taken measures in the economy for providing better job opportunities. On the other hand the expansion of various industries especially in the private sector has also provided extensive job opportunities for the job-seekers. It is known that there is a negative relationship between inflation and unemployment. Thus the trend of these two factors for India can be identified. In the following table the data on inflation and unemployment for India is shown for the year 2002-2013. Year Inflation Rate Unemployment Rate 2002 4.31 8.8 2003 3.81 9.5 2004 3.77 9.2 2005 4.25 8.9 2006 5.79 7.8 2007 6.39 7.2 2008 8.32 6.8 2009 10.83 10.7 2010 12.11 10.8 2011 8.87 9.8 2012 9.3 8.5 2013 10.92 8.8 Source: (Indexmundi.com, 2015) Now the trend line for inflation and unemployment can be shown. In the above diagram, it can be seen that during 2002-2007, the Phillips curve relationship is true as the unemployment rate has fallen when the inflation rate has increased. But after 2008, the Phillips relationship is not maintained and inflation rate and the unemployment rate has increased and reduced at the same time. Now the growth trend that is seen in India in the past few decades can be discussed. The growth rate refers to the increasing rate of GDP in an economy. It is evident that in the third quarter of 2014, the GDP growth rate in India was 5.30. The average annual growth rate of India from 1951 to 2014 was 5.82. The growth rate reached all time high in the first quarter of 2010 when it reached 11.40%. The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) reports on the GDP annual growth rate of India. In the following diagram, the growth rate of India can be shown from 2000 to 2014. Source: (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015) From the diagram it is seen that the GDP growth rate of India has fluctuated in various time period. The growth rate has increased sharply in 2005 and it continued to grow till 2008. After that there is a decline in the growth rate but after that it has increased and again fell around the year 2012. Now in the following table the data on inflation, unemployment and the growth rate can be presented. Inflation Rate Unemployment Rate Growth Rate 2002 4.31 8.8 3.8 2003 3.81 9.5 7.9 2004 3.77 9.2 7.9 2005 4.25 8.9 9.3 2006 5.79 7.8 9.3 2007 6.39 7.2 9.8 2008 8.32 6.8 3.9 2009 10.83 10.7 8.5 2010 12.11 10.8 10.3 2011 8.87 9.8 6.6 2012 9.3 8.5 4.7 2013 10.92 8.8 5 Source: (Data.worldbank.org, 2015) The trend line for these three economic indicators can be shown in the following diagram for the year 2002-2013 in India. The aggregate supply curve can be referred as the total supply of goods and services that is supplied by the producers in an economy at various price levels. Thus the aggregate supply curve is the locus of the quantity of total goods or services that are supplied by the producers and the corresponding price levels. There are basically three ranges of the aggregate supply curve where it operates. These three ranges are Keynesian, Intermediate and classical (Economicsonline.co.uk, 2015). In the following diagram, the three ranges of aggregate supply curve can be shown. In the diagram the three ranges of aggregate supply curve is shown. In the above diagram, it can be seen that when the growth rate has reduced the inflation rate has also reduced and when the growth rate has increased, the inflation rate has also increased. Thus there is a positive relationship between inflation and GDP growth rate of India and thus India is operating in the intermediate range of the aggregate supply curve where the relationship between the price level and real GDP rate is positive. (c) Impact of Monetary Policy: The monetary policy is one of the most effective instruments of government that is used in order to implement changes in various economic factors in the nation. Though monetary policy measure, the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money in the economy in order to maintain stability and for inducing economic growth in the nation. The monetary policy usually targeted towards the interest rate and the inflation rate for increasing the growth and stability in the economy. The monetary policy can be either expansionary or it can be contractionary. The expansionary monetary policy increases the supply of money in the economy and resultant impact is seen. On the other hand, the contractionary monetary policy lowers the money supply in the economy and the resultant impact is achieved. The expansionary monetary policy basically increases the money supply in the economy. The expansionary monetary policy is usually implemented in order to stabilise the unemployment rate during recession by lowering the rate of interest. It is also evident that increase in the money supply leads to increase in the inflation rate in an economy due to reduction in the value of money. Thus increased money supply also increases inflation. But it is known that higher inflation rate reduces the unemployment rate. Thus expansionary monetary policy can also reduce unemployment rate in an economy by increasing the inflation level by increasing money supply in the economy. An expansionary monetary policy increases the price of bonds, higher investment in capital due to lower interest rate. The exchange rates are also affected by the expansionary monetary policy. As a result of the expansionary monetary policy, the demand for foreign currency increases and the demand for domestic currency fall a s the value of money of the domestic country increases. On the other hand the contractionary monetary policy is implemented by lowering the money supply in the economy. The government can implement contractionary monetary policy by using following measures. The government can sell the securities in open market, increase the reserve requirements in the banks or by raising the federal discount rate. Thus in this policy measure the rate of interest rises in the economy and the investment falls. This lowers the inflation rate in the economy. The supply of bonds in the market is increased and the bonds are bought by the foreign buyers. Thus the demand for the domestic currency increases and the demand for the foreign currency reduces in the market. Thus the exchange rate of the domestic currency will appreciate and the exchange rate of the foreign currency will depreciate in the market. So it can be said that the contractionary monetary policy will increase the interest rate, decrease the bond price, reduce the investment on capital, appreciate the doemstuc currency and depreciate the foreign currency. Thus it can be said that the monetary policy can significantly affect the economy by impacting various economic indicators in the economy. The monetary policy is implemented by the monetary authorities in a nation and it rests on the relationship between the total supply of money and the rate of interest. The monetary policy can also affect the growth rate in the economy (Federalreserve.gov, 2015). In certain scenario, the monetary policy can be ineffective to address the issues in the economy. For example, when the inflation is triggered by high wage demand and it can also increase the cost of the firms. In such scenario, the monetary policy cannot be credible. Open market operations are one of the effective tools that are used in case of monetary policy implementation. In various countries, the government implements measures to get desirable results in the economy. For example, during the global financial crisis, the government of various countries took several measures in terms of monetary policies for attaining stability in the economy. The Federal Open Market Committee established a near-zero range of target for the rate of federal funds (Federalreserve.gov, 2015). The Federal Reserve also tried to hold the long-term securities in the market and a downward pressure was given on the interest rates. Thus expansionary monetary policy was implemented by various countries for attaining the stability in the economy after the global financial crisis. Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be said that in recent times there has been increased competition among the organisations, especially at the global level. Such competition is also seen among the nations. It is evident that there are developed as well as developing countries. Various developing countries like India and China are significantly emerging in the economy by high performance and growth rate. Thus it is very important that the government of various nations take appropriate measures that can help in increasing the economic performance of a nation in terms of the inflation rate, unemployment rate, exchange rate, growth rate etc. In this essay, the relationship between the inflation and unemployment is presented. In case of India the growth rate, the inflation rate and the unemployment rate are presented and the influence of monetary policy on various indicators is also explained. References Colander, D. (2013).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Data.worldbank.org, (2015).GDP growth (annual %) | Data | Table. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?page=2 [Accessed 17 Jan. 2015]. Economicsonline.co.uk, (2015).Aggregate supply. [online] Available at: https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Managing_the_economy/Aggregate+supply.html [Accessed 17 Jan. 2015]. Federalreserve.gov, (2015).FRB: Open Market Operations. [online] Available at: https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/openmarket.htm [Accessed 17 Jan. 2015]. Hubbard, R. and O'Brien, A. (2013).Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Indexmundi.com, (2015).India - Unemployment rate - Historical Data Graphs per Year. [online] Available at: https://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=inv=74 [Accessed 17 Jan. 2015]. Krugman, P. and Wells, R. (2013).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Layton, A., Tucker, I. and Robinson, T. (2002).Economics for today. Southbank, Vic.: Thomson. Mankiw, N. (2013).Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth. Media, T. (2015).Historic inflation India historic CPI inflation India. [online] Inflation.eu. Available at: https://www.inflation.eu/inflation-rates/india/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-india.aspx [Accessed 17 Jan. 2015]. Media, T. (2015).Inflation in Great Britain - current and historic British consumer price index (CPI). [online] Global-rates.com. Available at: https://www.global-rates.com/economic-indicators/inflation/consumer-prices/cpi/great-britain.aspx [Accessed 17 Jan. 2015]. Statista, (2015).India - Unemployment rate 2013 | Statistic. [online] Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/271330/unemployment-rate-in-india/ [Accessed 17 Jan. 2015]. This is Money, (2015).Economy tables: GDP, interest rates, inflation history, unemployment. [online] Available at: https://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/news/article-1586103/Inflation-Interest-rates-Economic-growth-Unemployment-Latest-statistics.html [Accessed 17 Jan. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).India GDP Annual Growth Rate | 1951-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/india/gdp-growth-annual [Accessed 17 Jan. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).India Inflation Rate | 2012-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/india/inflation-cpi [Accessed 17 Jan. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015).United Kingdom Unemployment Rate | 1971-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/unemployment-rate [Accessed 17 Jan. 2015].

I Did My Report On Filariasis, Which Is More Commonly Known As Elephan

I did my report on filariasis, which is more commonly known as elephantiasis. Elephantiasis is the late phase of filariasis. Filariasis is a tropical mosquito born parasitic disease causing obstruction of the lymph vessels. In some people the presence of the worm causes a tissue reaction that causes the lymph flow to be blocked. This blockage produces lymphedema which is a swelling and can eventually lead to a tremendous enlargement of an extremity or organ. When elephantiasis follows repeated infection, parts of the body -- particularly the legs -- become grossly enlarged and the surrounding skin hardens and ulcerates. Certain types of elephantiasis can be treated surgically. Elephantiasis of the legs is usually treated with elastic bandages and frequent elevation of the legs. The leg and foot, may swell to elephantine size. There may be allergic reactions like itching and localized swelling. The body may also react by causing calcium tissue to be deposited around the worm, walling it off and eventually causing its death. In humans, the mature worm lives tightly coiled in the lymphatic vessels where they reproduce. The female holds the fertilized eggs in her body. Later the embryos, called microfilariae, are discharged alive. An interesting feature of these worms is the periodic swarming of the microfilariae in the bloodstream. In most species swarming takes place at night. The embryos can be taken up by an insect only when they are in a human's bloodstream. They develope into infective larvae in the insect, which is the intermediate host. These hosts are various genera of mosquitoes, notably A?des, Anopheles, and Culex. Within 10 to 11 days after ingestion by a human skin they migrate to the lymphayic vessels where they mature and reproduce. There isn't really any prevention to this disease. Bibliography Drimmer, Frederick; THE ELEPHANT MAN; Putnam Publishers; New York, 1985 "Elephantiasis", FISHBEIN'S ILLUSTRATED MEDICAL AND HEALTH ENCYCLOPEDIA; H.S. Stuttma n Inc. Publishers; Westport, CT.; 1983 ed., vol. 2, pp. 527 "Filariasis", COLLIER'S ENCYCLOPEDIA; Macmillan Educational Company New York, Maxwell Macmillan Canada, Maxwell Macmillan International Publishing Group; New York, Oxford, Sydney; 1991 ed., col. 9, pp. 698-699

The Basics of Associated Press Style

The Basics of Associated Press Style One of the first things a student in a beginning journalism course learns about is Associated Press style or AP style for short. AP style is simply a standardized way of writing everything from dates to street addresses to job titles. AP style was developed and is maintained by The Associated Press, the world’s oldest news service. Why Do I Have to Learn AP Style? Learning AP style is certainly not the most exciting or glamorous aspect of a career in journalism, but getting a handle on it is absolutely necessary. Why? Because AP style is the gold standard for print journalism. It’s used by the vast majority of newspapers in the U.S. A reporter who never bothers to learn even the basics of AP style, who gets into the habit of submitting stories filled with AP style errors, is likely to find himself covering the sewage treatment board beat for a long, long time. How Do I Learn AP Style? To learn AP style you must get your hands on an AP Stylebook. It can be purchased at most bookstores or online. The stylebook is a comprehensive catalog of proper style usage and has literally thousands of entries. As such, it can be intimidating to the first-time user. But the AP Stylebook is designed to be used by reporters and editors working on tight deadlines, so generally, it’s pretty easy to use. There’s no point in trying to memorize the AP Stylebook. The important thing is to get into the habit of using it whenever you write a news story to make sure your article follows proper AP style. The more you use the book, the more you’ll start to memorize certain points of AP style. Eventually, you won’t have to refer to the stylebook nearly as much. On the other hand, don’t get cocky and toss out your AP Stylebook once you’ve memorized the basics. Mastering AP style is a lifelong, or at least career-long, pursuit, and even expert copy editors with decades of experience find they must refer to it regularly. Indeed, walk into any newsroom, anywhere in the country and you’re likely to find an AP Stylebook on every desk. It’s the Bible of print journalism. The AP Stylebook is also an excellent reference work. It includes in-depth sections on libel law, business writing, sports, crime, and firearms – all topics that any good reporter should have a grasp of. For instance, what’s the difference between a burglary and a robbery? There are a big difference and a novice police reporter who makes the mistake of thinking they are one and the same thing is likely to get hammered by a tough editor. So before you write that the mugger burgled the little old lady’s purse, check your stylebook. Here are some of the most basic and commonly used AP style points. But remember, these represent only a tiny fraction of what’s in the AP Stylebook, so don’t use this page as a substitute for getting your own stylebook. Numbers One through nine is generally spelled out, while 10 and above are generally written as numerals. Example: He carried five books for 12 blocks. Percentages Percentages are always expressed as numerals, followed by the word â€Å"percent.† Example: The price of gas rose 5 percent. Ages Ages are always expressed as numerals. Example: He is 5 years old. Dollar Amounts Dollar amounts are always expressed as numerals, and the â€Å"$† sign is used. Example: $5, $15, $150, $150,000, $15 million, $15 billion, $15.5 billion Street Addresses Numerals are used for numbered addresses. Street, Avenue, and Boulevard are abbreviated when used with a numbered address but otherwise are spelled out. Route and Road are never abbreviated. Example: He lives at 123 Main St. His house is on Main Street. Her house in on 234 Elm Road. Dates Dates are expressed as numerals. The months August through February are abbreviated when used with numbered dates. March through July are never abbreviated. Months without dates are not abbreviated. â€Å"Th† is not used. Example: The meeting is on Oct. 15. She was born on July 12. I love the weather in November. Job Titles Job titles are generally capitalized when they appear before a person’s name, but lowercase after the name. Example: President George Bush. George Bush is the president. Film, Book Song Titles Generally, these are capitalized and placed in quotation marks. Do not use quote marks with reference books or the names of newspapers or magazines. Example: He rented â€Å"Star Wars† on DVD. She read â€Å"War and Peace.†

Internet Business and Electronic Commerce Assignment

Internet Business and Electronic Commerce - Assignment Example The paper tells that Internet has revolutionized the human life considerably. The traditional principles with respect to many areas of human life have been changed with the entry of internet and the business segment is also not an exception. At the introduction stage many people thought the internet is just another medium of communication; nothing more than that. But then as time progresses, people has realized the potential of internet in many areas of human life and at present it is used extensively in education, business, communication, transportation etc. E-commerce is a paperless exchange of business information using electronic data like e-mail, electronic bulletin boards, fax transmissions, and electronic funds transfer etc. A recent survey conducted by Nielsen/Net ratings and Harris Interactive indicates e-commerce sites are driving more purchases offline than online. Electronic commerce or e-commerce is attracting business both in offline and online modes. Many people use in ternet for comparing the features and prices of different products of similar kind then visit shops for purchasing. Online business has much wider scopes than offline businesses because of the wider reach-ability of it. It is easy for a person to purchase a product from America staying in some other countries using a simple credit card. Moreover, the consumer can compare the prices of the same product in various countries and thus he will able to purchase a product for the cheapest possible price. This research mainly concentrates on yahooshopping.com, shopping.aol.com, ebay.com levistrauss.com for analyzing the online business generally and amazon.com for analyzing the online book business specifically. Yahooshopping.com, shopping.aol.com, ebay.com, and levistrauss.com are offering various products for the customers like clothing, accessories, flowers, gifts, electronic items, computers, sports items jewelry, watches, holiday tour packages, medicines, fragrances, beauty products et c.

Journal 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal 6 - Essay Example In total, the theories of crime explain that people commit crime because of some social, ecological, cultural or subcultural factors such as financial and social deprivation, bad living conditions, ill social background, people’s assumption that some illegalities are positive and their teaching to their family. In my perception, every city or neighborhood has some forms of organization/disorganization. In my locality, there are very few incidents of delinquency or crime while if I consider the city, there are many forms of disorganization such as theft, mobile snatching, vehicle snatching, murders and many others as no place is perfectly free from crimes. Poverty is the basic reason for making people to commit crime as they are unable to even get their due rights. In our neighborhood, people try to keep an eye on delinquent people or people that are doubted to do wrong so that they can be checked while committing a wrong deed, which is a form of organization. Parents teach their children to follow the law and keep away from bad company even then, there can be some problems such as children fight and small disputes between neighbors, etc. Anderson’s code of the street is applicable on the story of Willie Bosket in All God’s Children: The Bosket Family and the American Tradition of Violence because he belongs to a family that can be called street family. While being nourished and brought up in such a family, the protagonist performs such illegal deeds that are previously done by his father and forefather and is unable to consider the aftereffects of his doings. According to Anderson, parents teach children to be aggressive when they try to control their children by punishing them physically or showing violence before them. In Willie Bosket’s life, he has witnessed and listened about aggressive attitudes of his ancestors due to which, he also

Review of the Literature-Sheila Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Review of the Literature-Sheila - Coursework Example These studies have included a range of methods for collecting qualitative data reflecting on the perceived benefits of electronic health records in improving efficiencies in the clinical setting (Sittig & Singh, 2011). 14 One of the important components of this proposed study is to seek knowledge from healthcare professionals with lived experiences. The study design is a survey of health professionals to gain their perception on patient errors and the capture of data through an electronic health record and paper documentation. Creating a tool to capture effective strategies for patient record keeping in the clinical setting is necessary to review data. Organizational leadership may learn ways to improve patient outcomes through the findings of the qualitative phenomenological study to determine the best approaches to change and methods to reduce errors (Goldstein et al., 2014; Schumacher & Jerch, 2012). 14 The ubiquity of information technology in the 21st century has transformed virtual industries. Today, computers are virtually institutional contexts because of relatively low cost and easy to access. There are still some industries, resistant to the adoption of information technology; healthcare is one such industry (Goldstein et al., 2014). Computers are major in the healthcare field and are frequently in the healthcare delivery system for care management (Chen & Lin, 2011). The advent of the Affordable Care Act creates new compelling incentives exist for clinics regarding implementation of an electronic health record management (Freymann, 2013). The United States healthcare systems are lacking quality healthcare and health record information (Oldfield, 2014). United States healthcare providers are apprehensive about the digital health record because challenges with system integration, education, privacy, and compliance with the federal government regulations. An electronic health

Biosynthesis of Nanocomposites Using Leaf Extract

Biosynthesis of Nanocomposites Using Leaf Extract ABSTRACT Various nanoparticles and nanocomposites have been synthesized using leaf extract and evaluated for their antibacterial activity. This review intends to present biosynthesis of nanocomposites using leaf extract. Here, I have discussed biosynthesis methods of polymer nanocomposites using leaf extract. The potential of nanotechnology and biological science together is enormous. There are many potential antibacterial applications of nanocomposites such as in antimicrobial textiles, food preservation, surface disinfection, burn dressings, safe cosmetics, medical devices, drug carriers, dental fillers and adhesives, water treatment etc. In recent years nanocomposite films have been studied for wound dressing. I have discussed a bionanocomposite film and hydrogel that have application in wound dressing. CHAPTER 1:  INTRODUCTION 1.1 Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is a branch of science and technology that deals with matter of size 1-100nm. Since then there has been lot of advancement in nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has applications in almost every field such as electronics, medicine, biomaterials, energy production etc. When a macroscopic material changes to nanomaterials, properties such as electrical, mechanical, optical, catalytic, medicinal, biological etc change. Gold which does not react with other chemicals easily at normal scales acts as a good catalyst when converted to nanoscale. 1.2 Nanoscale materials Nanoscale materials include materials which posses at least one dimension in the nanometer range i.e. 1-100nm. The key characteristics defining the potential applications of nanoscale materials include the following: Higher surface area Higher chemical reactivity Better catalytic properties Better adsorption Variety of chemical synthesis routes. Natural and synthetic strategies 1.3 Nanocomposites Nanocomposites are materials made from two or more individual components with properties different from each other, which when combined produce a material with properties completely different from the individual materials. A nanocomposite consists of two or more phases where one phase is monolithic (single crystal) into which the reinforcement are embedded. The monolithic material is known as a matrix. Reinforcement, in a nanocomposite is a nanosized materials embedded into the parent material called matrix. Nanocomposites are broadly classified into three types a) ceramic-matrix nanocomposites b) metal-matrix nanocomposites c) polymer-matrix nanocomposites d) inter metallic matrix nanocomposites. CHAPTER 2:  BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOCOMPOSITE USING LEAF EXTRACT Nanoparticles are being used in many sectors of the economy and it is important to consider the biological and environmental safety of their production. The main methods for nanoparticle synthesis are chemical and physical approaches and these approaches are often expensive and potentially harmful to the environment. Green synthesis approach has been pursued in recent years as an alternative, inexpensive, efficient, and environmentally safe method for synthesizing nanoparticles with specific properties. The main focus is on the role of the natural plant (leaf) extracts involved in the bioreduction and capping of metal salts during the nanocomposite synthesis. Many researchers have reported the biosynthesis of nanoparticles by leaf extracts and their potential applications in various fields. 2.1 Commonly used leaf extracts for synthesis of nanocomposites Binomial name: Murraya koenigii Common Name: Curry Tree Family Name: Rutaceae Description: Curry tree is native to India and Sri Lanka. The leaves ofMurraya koenigiiare used as an  herb  in  Ayurvedic medicine because of its antioxidant, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti- hypercholesterolemic properties. Curry leaves recently been found to be as a potent antioxidant due to high concentrations of carbazoles, a water soluble heterocyclic compound. Carbazoles found in leaf extract may be responsible for the reduction and stabilization of metal ions. Further research is necessary to explain and extend the reduction mechanism of Murraya koenigii leaf extract for further application. Binomial Name: Tridax procumbens Common Name: Coat buttons or Tridax Daisy Family Name: Asteraceae Description: Tridax procumbens is a widespread weed and pest plant native to America. The plant has various medicinal properties. Tridax procumbens is rich in alkaloids, flavanoids, carotenoids and tannins. It is used in nanoparticle synthesis as it has high amounts of ketones, amines, phenols, lactones and alkanes which are capable of reducing metal ions. Binomial Name : Ficus benghalensis Common Name: Banyan Tree Family: Moraceae Description: Banyan tree is a deciduous tree found throughout the forest tract of India, in sub-Himalayan region. Ficus benghalensis is widely used for its medicinal properties. Ficus benghalensis leaf extract has proteins/enzymes which reduce the metal ions and it also contains reducing sugars such as flavanones which provide stability to the nanoparticles. Binomial Name: Calotropis gigantean Common Name: Crown Flower Family Name: Apocynaceae Description: Calotropis gigantean is a large shrub rich in metabolites responsible for reduction metal ions. Organic compounds like alkaloids, polyphenols, and proteins present in plant extracts are capable of reducing and capping nanoparticles. Binomial Name: Catharanthus roseus Common Name: Madagascar periwinkle Family Name: Apocynaceae Description: Catharanthus roseus is a medicinal subshurb. Catharanthus roseus contains more than 70 alkaloids. 2.3 Nanocomposites synthesized using leaf extract A broad spectrum of leaf extracts can be utilized for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. In this section I have briefly discussed synthesis of two polymer-matrix nanocomposites using leaf extract. In both the examples, reinforcement is silver nanoparticle and the matrix of the nanocomposite is a polymer. 2.3.1 Ag impregnated Microcrystalline Cellulose Bionanocomposite film Silver nanoparticles are impregnated into microcrystalline cellulose to form a nanocomposite. Curry leaf extract is used for the bioreduction and capping of silver nanoparticles. First 0.001M silver nitrate solution is prepared in 1000 mL of deionised water. 10 g of microcrystalline cellulose is added to the silver nitrate solution and sonicated for 10 minutes. 50 mL of curry leaf broth is added to the mixture and the mixture is stirred for 6 hours. Silver ions are reduced to silver by curry leaf extract. Reduced silver nucleates in to the silver nanoparticles on the microcrystalline fibrils. After 6 hours the mixture is allowed to settle down and excess reaction mixture is decanted. The silver nanoparticles impregnated microcrystalline cellulose is washed with deionized water and ethanol and then dried in oven at 55ËÅ ¡C over night. The formation of silver nanoparticles is confirmed by UV-vis spectra as the peak is observed at 430 nm. The colour of microcrystalline cellulose is white and after impregnation of silver on it, it changes to yellowish brown. 0.5 g of polylactic acid is dissolved in 20 mL of chloroform with moderate heating and constant stirring for 30 minutes. The dried silver nanoparticle coated microcrystalline powder is added in 5%, 10% and 20% w/w concentration to separate samples. The polylactic acid is stirred with silver impregnated microcrystalline cellulose for a day to allow for dispersion. The mixture is poured to glass Petri dish and left to evaporate. When the chloroform evaporates, the plastic film is removed and collected from Petri dish. Silver impregnated microcrystalline bionanocomposite film is obtained. [6] 2.3.2 Silver/Starch-co-polyacrylamide hydrogel nanocomposite Gelatinized starch solution is prepared by mixing a known amount of starch powder in 10 mL of deionized water and 1 mL of 0.5 mL of 0.5 M sodium hydroxide solution. The mixture is heated at 90ËÅ ¡C for 10 minutes in a water bath with continuous stirring. A predetermined amount of maleic acid is then added to the gelatinized starch solution. The mixture of gelatinized starch and maleic acid is further heated at 80ËÅ ¡C in a water bath for 4 hours. Then acrylamide is added and stirred for 30 minutes at 50ËÅ ¡C. After that initiator (potassium persulfate or KPS) and crosslinker (methylenebisacrylamide or MBA) is added. Finally, an aqueous solution of tetramethylenediamide (TEMED) is added to the solution and for another 10 minutes same temperature is maintained. The synthesized co-polymeric hydrogel is taken out after the completion of free radical polymerization. Then the synthesized co-polymeric hydrogel is immersed in double distilled water at room temperature for a da y to remove excess of unreacted reagents and monomers present in hydrogel network. To remove the residue effectively the double distilled water is refreshed for every 12 hours. At last the hydrogel is dried at ambient temperature for 48 hours. Precisely weighed dried starch-co-polyacrylamide hydrogel is equilibrated with double distilled water for 48 hours and instantly transferred to a beaker containing 100 mL of 0.005 M silver nitrate solution and then equilibrated for 24 hours. During this process the silver ions are exchanged from solution into free network spaces of co-polymeric hydrogel. To a beaker containing 50 ml Tridax procumbens leaf extract, hydrogel with absorbed silver ions is added and kept for 24 hours. Reduction of silver ions into silver nanoparticles occurs and hydrogel turns into brown colour. The brown colour confirms the formation of silver nanoparticles in hydrogel matrix. [7] CHAPTER 3:  ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF NANOCOMPOSITES SYNTHESIZED USING LEAF EXTRACT Due to the rising concerns of bacterial infections, there is a growing need to develop new and powerful antibacterial agents. Mainly, nanoparticles have been applied in burn dressings, cosmetics, food preservation, medical devices, water treatment etc. There is a wide bioapplication of nanoparticles. It has been recognized that the bactericidal effect of nanoparticles is dependent on their size, size distribution, shape, morphology, surface functionalization, and their stability. Additionally, the use of inorganic nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents has numerous benefits such as enhanced stability and safety in contrast with the organic antimicrobial agents. Green synthesis and functionalization of nanoparticles enhances their antibacterial activity and improves their stability. In this section antibacterial activity of silver/polymer film and hydrogel is discussed. So the antibacterial activity of nanocomposites is enhanced. 3.1 Antibacterial activity of Ag impregnated Microcrystalline Cellulose Bionanocomposite film The PLA/MCC sample was tested for antimicrobial activity using Charm disk assay. Firstly an agar plate was seeded with Bacillus stearothermophilus. Then small circular pieces of the films were placed on the seeded agar and incubated. Indicators are present in agar which signifies the status of microbial growth. Yellow colour indicates the microbial growth and purple indicates the inhibition. The initial analysis shows that the film exhibits considerable antibacterial properties. [6] 3.2 Antibacterial activity of Silver/Starch-co-polyacrylamide hydrogel nanocomposite The antibacterial activity of SNCH was evaluated by disc diffusion technique against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria such as Bacillus and Escherichia coli. Firstly, nutrient agar medium was prepared by mixing beef extract (3 g), peptone (5 g) and sodium chloride (5 g) in 1000 mL distilled water. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 7. Finally agar (15 g) was added to the prepared solution and then medium was sterilized in an autoclave at a pressure of 15 lbs for 30 minutes at 121ËÅ ¡C. This medium was then transferred into a sterilized glass Petri dish in a laminar air flow chamber. After the media solidified, Escherichia coli and Bacillus culture (50à °Ã‚ Ã…“†¡L) was spread on the solid surface of the media. Paper discs (6mm diameter) were soaked in the test compounds (20mg/20mL) overnight. Then these discs were loaded on culture plates. The plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"C. The inhibition zone appears around the disc which shows the anti bacterial effect of SNCH. [7] Pure hydrogels are generally inefficient for antibacterial activity. It is seen that smaller the size of silver nanoparticle greater is the antibacterial activity. .The SNCH having low silver nanoparticles concentration still showed excellent antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bactericide. This results into inhibition of bacterial cell growth. So SNCH nanocomposites can be used as successful antibacterial agents such as wound-dressing materials. [7] Modern wound dressing theory, suggests promoting dynamic equilibrium between exudate absorption and optimal surface moisture at the wound surface. In addition, it should be able to exchange gas to provide the wound with adequate oxygen tension. 3.3 Mechanism of antibacterial activity of nanoparticles Antibacterial activity is a property due to which compounds are capable to kill or slow down the bacterial growth, without causing toxicity to host cells. Such agents are classified as a) bactericidal, which kill bacteria, 2) bacteriostatic, which slow down the bacterial growth. The exact mechanism of nanoparticle toxicity against various types of bacteria is not completely evaluated yet. It is proposed that nanoparticles attach themselves to bacterial membrane by electrostatic interaction and disrupt its integrity. Nanotoxicity is triggered by the initiation of oxidative stress by free radical formation, i.e. ROS, followed by the administration of nanoparticles. The nanoparticle toxicity depends on composition, intrinsic properties, surface modification of the bacterial species and the physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles, indicating the mechanisms to be highly complex. The antibacterial mechanisms of nanomaterials is not fully elucidated, but the existing concept suggests various combinations of processes that can occur (1) ions are released which is followed by cellular uptake and a cascade of intracellular reactions, (2) extracellular and intracellular generation of ROS and (3) direct interactions between nanoparticles and cell membrane. At sub-micromolar concentrations, ions are internalized and they react with the thiol groups of cellular proteins, which lead to uncoupling of ATP synthesis from respiration, loss of proton motive force, and interference with the phosphate efflux system. At millimolar levels, nanoparticles induce detachment of the cell wall from the cytoplasm, possibly releasing the intracellular content, DNA condensation and loss of replication ability. ROS produces oxidative stress which results in lipid membrane and DNA damage. Finally, nanoparticles increase the cell membrane permeability and, subsequently, penetrate inside c ells to induce any one or the entire cascade of effects mentioned above. [9] CONCLUSION The most important objective of nanobioscience involves application of nanotools to relevant biological and medical problems and refining these applications. The use of microorganisms and plants for synthesis of metal nanoparticles is of great interest. In contrast to chemical and physical synthesis methods, biological processes for synthesizing nanomaterials can be achieved in aqueous phase in gentle and environment friendly conditions. This approach has become attractive focus in current green nanotechnology. With the help of this approach we can synthesize nanomaterials in less toxic way as it replaces toxic chemical reducing and capping agents. Inorganic nanoparticles naturally possess bacteria-killing properties, but by modifying the inorganic nanoparticles i.e. forming nanocomposites, these properties can be enhanced. In the biomedical field, a synthesis of nanocomposite films and hydrogels by a green process was developed to enhance the inactivation of bacteria in wounds. Ther e are also other potential antibacterial applications of nanocomposites such as in antimicrobial textiles, food preservation, surface disinfection, burn dressings, safe cosmetics, medical devices, drug carriers, dental fillers and adhesives, water treatment etc. Further research on nanocomposites capable of antibacterial activity is necessary for large scale commercial application

John Brown’s Body: An American Reggae Band Digging Roots in Farm Country :: Essays Papers

John Brown’s Body: An American Reggae Band Digging Roots in Farm Country The surrounding landscape yields rolling hills, beautiful gorges with waterfalls that leave your mouth gaping in awe, some of the world’s finest wineries, and farmland as far as the eye can see. Rooted in Ithaca, a small artsy community in upstate New York’s Finger Lakes region, comes a sound so cultural, so mystical, and so natural. Amongst a slew of great local musicians comes John Brown’s Body, a roots reggae sound that captivates audiences, and spills the universal message of thanks and praises. Before we can truly understand the roots of an American-based reggae band that carries a Jamaican sound and universal philosophy, we must first get to the roots of reggae music in United States from the beginning. The origins of roots sounds in the U.S. came primarily from Jamaican communities that were set up in major cities such as New York, Washington D.C., and Miami. New York City was home of the first reggae centered recording studio was established. The credit for such a landmark establishment would have to go to Lloyd ‘Bullwackie’ Barnes, a singer who recorded with Prince Buster in the early 1960’s. The recording business started out as a partnership with ‘Munchie’ Jackson. Its location was at 4731 White Plains Road in the Bronx. By the mid 1970’s, Barnes was running the studio alone, using his own session band, Reckless Breed. He was also recording Jamaican singers that were local to the area, including names like Wayne Jarrett. Barnes also produced recordings of Jamaican singers visiting the states, including such artists as Sugar Minott and Horace Andy. During this same time period, Barnes was also able to record a string of dub albums as well. Bullwackie was the only U.S. studio to put out significant reggae sound prior to the 1980’s (Barrow 1997). HC & F Studios was opened up in the 1980’s on Long Island and was run solely by Phillip Smart who had worked in Jamaica with the great King Tubby. Smart was able to record in his studio, sounds that would eventually make it into the dancehalls of Jamaica. Dirtsman’s "Hot This Year" is an example of the recording that gave its origin to Smart’s studio on Long Island. Today, HC & F Studio is the leading reggae-recording studio in the states (Barrow 1997). More and more reggae-recording studios began to pop up including Jah Life, also making its home in the Big Apple, owned and operated by Hyman Wright and Percy Chin.

Does Violence in Today’s Media Influence Aggressive Behavior Among Adolescence Essay

Chapter 1 Introduction Background and rationale There is increasing evidence that the programs aired on TV are responsible for the aggressive nature of children in their adolescent and early adulthood (Task Force on Television and Society. 1992). Cartoons and programs targeting children are more likely to have violent content than would an average soap opera or movie aimed at an adult audience. Violence aired on children’s shows is normally directed at the evil character or perpetrated by the ugly person who rarely gets punished. The victim of the violent act does not bleed or feel pain and as such the children believe that violence is acceptable as it does not cause any permanent damage. These misconceptions lead the children to adopt aggressive attitudes in a bid to imitate their TV stars. By reenacting scenes they watched, the children end up actually hurting one another and with time they internalize this behavior if they are not warned against it. This study is aimed at adding to the literature on the subject by investigating the influence of media violence on the aggressive nature of adolescents. By determining if a co-relationship exists between the exposure to media violence and the aggressive nature of adolescents in general, the research would have provided the basis for more research to be conducted into more detailed areas. The impact of TV violence on adolescents from different ethnic backgrounds, economic statuses and ages can be investigated to see if there are differences in overall results and if so why. This research will be deemed to have been successful it can come up with a general statement regarding the influence of media violence of the behavio r of children. Thesis Statement The researcher opines that, ‘media violence is responsible for the rise in adolescent aggressiveness in recent years.’ Statement of problem Parents, teachers, pediatricians and other stakeholders are increasing concerned at the trend of violent actions perpetrated by adolescents. The Columbine High School shooting shocked the nation into reassessing the triggers that make young people turn to extremely violent ways to deal with their problems. Video games and violent TV programs were singled out for mention as the possible contributors to the boys’ actions. In finding solutions to the problem of TV violence and its influence on adolescents, the stakeholders are keen to be better informed on the co-relationship between the two aspects so they can face the challenge more effectively. This research aims to fill the literature void and come up with realistic options that can be pursued. Chapter 2 Review of Literature In studies conducted by the American Psychological Association, it was found that the amount of violent TV watched had a corresponding effect on the level of violence exhibited by the viewer (Task Force on Television and Society, 1992.).The viewer becomes immune to the grim realities of violence and the consequences thereof that they begin to treat violence as an acceptable behavior. Cartoon figures rarely get hurt and violence meted on the characters appears funny as nobody bleeds even after being clobbered on the head with a hammer. The children attempt to play the same games they viewed on TV with painful results. Other programs glorify the use of armed weapons and killings such that the adolescents become desensitized and gradually accept violence as a mode of life and something to be emulated. Â  Unless the parents or caregivers can disabuse the children and get them to eschew violence, this view remains with them into adult life. Adolescents can be expected to act aggressively immediately after watching a violent movie (Comstock, 1980). The studies indicated that the individual is psyched up by the action viewed and needs little motivation to perpetrate violent actions against anything or anybody that will challenge their ego. Studies have indicated that children are more susceptible to media violence influences between the ages of 1-10. After that age the impact of media violence is tempered by the individual’s perception of life and a realistic view of things. By that time a child knows that being hit on the head with a hammer will cause a lot of pain and will not imitate everything they see on TV. However, adolescents can still be influenced to act violently especially if their hero succeeds through aggressive behavior (Lefkowitz, et al., 1977). Television programs have been scheduled such that the times those children are free to watch TV there is a lot of violence. Studies conducted found that between 8 and 9 am violence was screened at least 9 times while on Saturdays, the average number of violent scenes per hour peaked at 21(Greenberg et al., 1980). Yet another study established that parents have got to careful what they allow their children to watch as a lot of the programs being aired are violent or have adult themes that are unsuitable for adolescent viewing (Josephson, 1995). The findings further revealed that the viewing habits a child develops in their youth are carried on to adulthood. Thus, if they are used to violent movies, they will continue to prefer these over other programs and consequently internalize violent behavior as the accepted norm. In a bid to tackle the problem posed by media violence, specific measures must be taken by the caregivers to limit the exposure of the child to TV and to direct their energies to more productive pastimes. Where a child has developed aggressive behavior, it is crucial to counsel the child on the dangers of violence and encourage them to adopt a friendlier attitude towards people and life in general.

Deportacin y su procedimiento, causas y perdn

Deportacin y su procedimiento, causas y perdn La deportacià ³n puede afectar a cualquier migrante, indocumentado o legal, e incluso a residentes permanentes legales titulares de una green card. Las causas de deportacià ³n son muy variadas, pudiendo ir desde la presencia ilegal a la comisià ³n de delitos inmorales o agravados.   En cuanto al tiempo que dura todo el proceso puede ser largo, para empezar por las demoras para presentarse en Corte.   Procedimiento de la deportacià ³n en Estados Unidos La deportacià ³n judicial, ordenada por un juez o corte. No confundir con expulsià ³n inmediata ni tampoco con la remocià ³n ordenada por el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Se aplica un tipo de procedimiento u otro segà ºn la naturaleza de la infraccià ³n y de la situacià ³n migratoria de quien la cometa. La deportacià ³n la dicta un juez de una corte migratoria o, si se apela su decisià ³n, entonces es la orden que dicta el BIA, es decir, el tribunal de apelaciones. Es fundamental entender cul es el cargo que se imputa al migrante, buscar un buen abogado, arreglar las actividades diarias para presentarse en corte el dà ­a de la cita y analizar cules son las opciones legales para luchar contra la deportacià ³n. Suspensià ³n deportacià ³n por perdà ³n, asilo, ajuste de estatus o violencia domà ©stica Para poder solicitar y obtener un alivio de la deportacià ³n, deben reunirse una serie de requisitos que varà ­an segà ºn el estatus legal del extranjero. En ningà ºn caso podr ser solicitado por aquellas personas que hayan sido condenadas por un delito agravado (aggravated felony en inglà ©s). Una de las opciones es obtener un  perdà ³n o alivio  que es concedido por un juez, segà ºn su mejor opinià ³n. En cada aà ±o fiscal se pueden conceder hasta un mximo de  4,000 perdones. Tambià ©n es posible suspender la orden de deportacià ³n por ajuste de estatus, asilo o violencia domà ©stica. De hecho, hay hasta nueve recursos legales para luchar la deportacià ³n. En estos casos es muy aconsejable contar con un buen abogado especialista en inmigracià ³n o con un representante acreditado con competencia para llevar el caso. Consecuencias de la deportacià ³n en Estados Unidos La persona deportada no podr regresar a Estados Unidos por un periodo de tiempo que va desde los diez aà ±os  a una prohibicià ³n de por vida para los casos de deportados por haber cometido un delito agravado. Sin embargo, la ley prevà © la posibilidad de solicitar una excepcià ³n waiver, que permita la reentrada antes de cumplirse el tiempo de castigo impuesto. Estos son los posibles perdones que se pueden solicitar, ya que es posible que adems del perdà ³n por la deportacià ³n sea necesario pedir por otras penalidades.   Pero antes de tomar ninguna decisià ³n se debe tener en cuenta si podrà ­a aplicar la proteccià ³n 245(i) para migrantes con peticiones antiguas aprobadas. Si se tiene una orden de deportacià ³n que no se apela o ya se han agotado todas las opciones de lucharla es posible pedir en determinadas circunstancias un aplazamiento o suspensià ³n temporal de la ejecucià ³n de la deportacià ³n. Es lo que se conoce como stay. Salida voluntaria y deportacià ³n: cosas diferentes Puede ser solicitada en determinados casos -est prohibida para los condenados de delitos graves y por actividades terroristas. Si es concedida, el extranjero no tendr prohibida la reentrada a EEUU por ningà ºn periodo de tiempo. Es decir, la salida voluntaria no lleva aparejada la penalidad de aà ±os sin ingresar a Estados Unidos que sà ­ aplica con la deportacià ³n. Bastar con que cumpla los requisitos generales de admisibilidad en la frontera. En este caso, la persona extranjera debe salir del paà ­s dentro del plazo concedido. Si no lo hace podr ser multado y deportado. Consejos para evitar ms problemas Cuando se inicia un proceso de deportacià ³n la mejor opcià ³n es buscar un abogado migratorio y ver cules son todas las opciones para intentar ganar el caso. Es fundamental entender que no presentarse a una cita en corte dar lugar a que el juez dice una orden de deportacià ³n que se conoce como in absentia. Esto quiere decir que el migrante puede ser deportado en cualquier momento, sin derecho a presentarse ante un juez. NOTA: este artà ­culo es meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Superior Reflective Essay Writing Tips

Superior Reflective Essay Writing Tips Reflective essay A key feature of this paper is sharing writers experience. Thus, when writing your reflective essay, you need to describe your personal experience and express your feelings on the occurred events. The purpose of discussing some moments of life or situations is to show that they are significant for you. Moreover, in this way, you may demonstrate how human relations are built. Sometimes, a reflective paper may be compared to a philosophical work. The point is that it analyzes the situations people get into every day. Producing this essay is a great way to display your creative skills. Furthermore, it is an excellent chance to show that you know how to make a detailed analysis of the issue and clearly express your opinion on it.Producing Reflective Papers Do you want to know how to write a reflective essay efficiently? Note that it is essential to express your personality when describing particular events. You need to show your attitude towards the analyzed situation. Therefore, try to explain how it has affected you. Has it changed your outlook on life? By the way, there is a considerable variety of topics for writing reflective works. One of the most popular is The value of friendship. When examining it, you need to ponder deeply over such notion as friendship. You should try to show what it matters to you. However, do not forget to take your life experience into account when exploring this issue. Usually, reflective essays are full of rhetoric questions. Writing an Outline This section presents the way you are going to produce your work. Therefore, when preparing a reflective essay outline, you need to formulate the principles of writing your paper. Note that it is of profound importance to train a lot to become an expert in producing such type of paper. Paper Structure There are no official rules for structuring reflective works in a particular way. The method of writing such papers differs from that of others. It often happens that a thesis statement as well as conclusion may be unclear no matter the reflective essay topics. Plan for Writing a Reflective Paper Before you start producing your work, find a precise reflective essay definition to know exactly what you are going to deal with. Then, write an introduction. It should inform readers about the described situation or events. You may provide important details to interest readers in your paper. The body should present your ideas about the discussed subject. A conclusion should sum up the key points of your reflective essay. In this section, you need to share your opinion about the matter. Reflective Essay Topics Now, you know the answer to the question What is a reflective essay? As to the topics for reflective essays, they are numerous. If you choose an interesting one, you will write a superior work. In case you do not know which topic to select, get in touch with us. We are the best in writing a reflective essay of top quality. Paper Format This work can be formatted in APA, MLA, Turabian, or any other reflective essay format. Everything depends on the instructions provided by the professor. You should be attentive in order to organize indents, footnotes, references, and other paper elements properly. Reflective Essay When I joined ESL class, my cardinal aim was to know how to write. It means I wanted to learn how to construct and develop sentences. Apart from that, I had the intention to know how to construct content with evidence. On the general scale, I had the desire to acquire knowledge and skills in the writing realm. Admittedly, the ESL 273 lessons have not only been comprehensive but also intriguing. It is ascribed to the fact that they involved lots of exercises that developed my writing skills. Today, I am a proud student since I have numerous insights regarding writing. This essay reflects my writing journey. Much of my experience with ESL 273 has been underscored. In bare outlines, the essay provides my writing portfolio. Weaknesses Any learning process has strong and weak points. Unsurprisingly, I experienced some shortcomings while pursuing this course. I would term such shortcomings as my major weaknesses. One of the main problems experienced is that some elements of writing were not well captured. I would attribute this to complexity of certain writing structures. Nonetheless, it is my hope that I will learn them through experience. Such aspects include formulation of sentences using active voice. After the assessment of most of my writings, it is easy to notice the weakness of constructing sentences using active voice. Mainly, I used passive voice. Even though there was nothing wrong with the expression of thoughts, it would be novel if I constructed active voice sentences right. However, presently there is nothing much to discuss about my weaknesses since I am confident about my current writing skills. Strangeness When I began my ESL 273 lessons, I was extremely poor in writing. Construction of sentences to make a clear statement was enormously difficult for me. If one read through my sentences, they could not ascertain a slight meaning of the phrases. What is more, even teachers could not specify whether the statement indicates present, past or future tense. This was a major shortcoming, and I never believed that I could eradicate it. Surprisingly, it was so strange that the lessons gave me adequate experience to quickly grasp this skill. Essentially, I would term such a spontaneous transformation as the strangest thing that happened to me while studying basic concepts of writing. Improvements At the time I joined this class, I was not good at writing. However, I am glad that I have made significant improvements as far as writing is concerned. For instance, the experience that I have gained through exercises made me a better typist. As if that is not enough, I can now connect sentences and produce a good idea in every paragraph. In addition, I have the ability to connect facts with evidence. For instance, the work I wrote about Animal Testing is of great significance. This essay involved writing about how scientists unfairly use animals for miscellaneous experiments. It required facts that were to be substantiated by evidence. I wrote it very well to the extent of earning the highest marks in the class. Another memorable experience is when I wrote about Back to Past in Time. The manner in which I constructed sentences and critically analyzed them was simply amazing. In consequence, I earned good marks for this meticulously composed paper. CONCLUSION Writing is an art. It involves considerate arrangement of words to make a reasonable sentence. When sensible sentences are joined, they make a paragraph, which delivers an idea. Thus, writing remains one of the most effective ways of communication. To this effect, there is a need for more people to embrace the skill of writing. Through this skill, they are given a chance to communicate their unparalleled thoughts to the world. By enrolling in ESL 273 classes, anyone can be sure that top-notch writing skills will be acquired. Personally, I attribute all my writing skills to this amazing course.

The Task Force for Corrections Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Task Force for Corrections - Term Paper Example These approaches have been proven ineffective because they ignored the empirical evidence on what effects offender change. As Latessa, Cullen & Gendreau (2002) note, these practices are examples of â€Å"correctional quackery.† Second, after reviewing existing evidence, the report recommends that rehabilitation should be Ohio’s guiding correctional theory. In this regard, this report initially examines the limits of competing approaches. Following this discussion, the case for reaffirming rehabilitation is presented. The principle of just deserts and retribution should be sufficient to deter an offender from committing a crime. This is not saying that incarceration is an effective deterrent to crime or offending. The fact that crimes and offending have been increasing despite the punishments and incarcerations associated with crimes and offending should be adequate enough to show that incarceration has a limited effect on deterrence. According to Muhlhausen (2010), the principle of deterrence seeks to make crimes costly so fewer crimes can occur. On examining the incarceration data of 1972-1993, however, Lynch concluded (1999, p. 359) that imprisonment provides â€Å"no evidence of deterrence at the aggregate level for the US† on crimes (1999, p. 359). According to Lynch (1999), the conclusion remained true even if cross-sectional analysis are used for crime and imprisonment trends for 1980 through 1991. Rehabilitation focuses on the character of the offender. Both offenders and non-offenders alike live in a society where they are not observed 100% of the time. Control-oriented programs do not change the character of the offender. On this alone, control-oriented supervision programs will fail as supervisors lose control over the offender, especially after having served prison time. The principle right after just desert and retribution cannot be incapacitation because incapacitation is adequately covered in the principle of just deserts

Creativity and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Creativity and Innovation - Essay Example It results from lack of an income and the various gender biases that represent themselves in the society. The high incidence of poverty among women is attributed to the lone motherhoods evident in most countries of the globe. These women in poverty have little or no access to quality health care services and resources. Several factors affect this condition of feminization of poverty. These factors place women at the highest risks of poverty in the world. Despite the fact that low income is the main trigger of this condition, there are many interrelated factors of this condition (Costa 2008). Lone or single mothers are at the highest risk since their single income is insufficient to rear children. As a result, the3 possibility of the children to have a good education and better nourishment is reduced significantly. Low income results from the bias in most places to women as they try to search for formal employment. This cycle goes on and on deepening poverty among the women. Due to the increased number of unmarried women, it is important to examine their diverse causes of poverty. Moreover, poverty is often multi-dimensional thus economic, socio-cultural factors and demographic factors correlate to establish poverty. It is one phenomenon with various roots and manifestations. Lack of income is the primary reason why there are prevalent cases of poverty among women. Lack of a source of income leads such women to lack the basic needs (Chant 2006). It prevents them from attaining resources and converting their monetary resources into various levels of functioning. Women who have access to a higher income are able to access capabilities, which may significantly increase their income. Due to women earning less than men in some cases do, they lack access to basic education levels and quality education thus reducing their chances of earning a higher income. Deprivation of higher income passes on from one women generation

Feudalism and the Manorial System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Feudalism and the Manorial System - Essay Example Manorial system was social and economic system in medieval Europe. The system regulated peasant land tenure and production, administered taxation and local justice. There is a close relationship between the manorial system and feudalism. In both cases, regulation of land tenure featured as a major factor that influenced production of the nation. The difference of the systems is the political and military aspect. In medieval Europe, feudalism and manorial system defined the structure of governance. In the feudal system, the king leased land to his immediate juniors in the monarchial hierarchy. The king gave them vast stretches of land. The people receiving land from the king were vassals. They managed the land under their control. The system was a form of exchange of services. In return, the king gained loyalty and war troops from the vassals. The vassals had a responsibility of working as knights. This included serving in castles and undertaking training for forty days. When the king waged war, the vassals were to fight for the king with all loyalty. Other returns to the king from the vassals were financial support and hosting of the king’s entourage during tours. When feudalism arose in Europe, it involved the exchange of weapons and other items. When Europe entered the agrarian period, then land was included in the feudal system. The barons further divided their land and leased it under the same conditions. Feudalism involving land formed the manorial system. Landowners hired peasants to work in the farms. The peasants earned a source of living from this. Other peasants practiced different forms of art on the small plots of land and paid taxes in return to the landowner. The manorial system led to the formation of a noble class. Landowners formed the noble class while peasants were commoners. The difference in social status explains how each of the groups lived. The rich landowners treated the peasants as slaves. The life of the peasants depended on th e landowners. In the hierarchy, the landowners had a responsibility of providing the king with war troops. The taxation and local justice system depended on each baron. Some of the barons overtaxed the peasants working on the fiefs (Spielvogel 358). Feudalism and the manorial system were distinct systems. However, sometimes barons gained land ownership through feudal grants. The highest order, the king leased land to the barons. Marriage and inheritance are the other pathways through which barons received land. The manorial system served to sustain the medieval Europe economically. Manors had the potential to produce enough for consumption and the surplus directed to the market. The medieval European society consisted of manorial villages. There was exchange of goods between the villages. Contribution of the Christian Faith in Renaissance Though perceived differently, the Renaissance in a general sense may be looked upon as the achievement of present spirit in opposition the spirit and faith that existed during the middle age. In the progression of western civilization, there was a period defined by disease, death, and waging war. During this period, there were little advances made in technology. People were less interested in literary works. However, the era that followed was different. People had a lot of interest in literary works, philosophy, and understanding of nature. The power of man’

Educational Policies and Practices Essay Example for Free

Educational Policies and Practices Essay â€Å"Change is a process, not an event. It can be planned or unplanned and can be influenced by forces inside and outside of the schoolhouse. † (http://wps. prenhall. com/chet_green_practicing_2/23/6137/1571248. cw/index. html). Current education reform has stressed the urgency of teacher learning in improving classroom education and expanding student success. Current education reform in the United States has increasingly described standard levels of mastery for learners and focused on holding schools responsible for student outcomes. As one approach for increasing student attainment, officials have zoned in on improving the quality of public school educators (Parise Spillane, 2010). Certain policy plans concentrate on the dimension involved in refining the quality of educators coming into the area of teaching through state accreditation exams, more rigorous degree requirements, and recruitment efforts. In addition to the aforementioned, increased responsibility and stress on schools involve learning and modification for many of the educators already working within this capacity, as they are pushed to apply new instructional methods and advances in order to promote and foster student achievement (Parise Spillane, 2010). Assessing the Condition: Loris High School Trevor Strawderman, principal of Loris High School, Horry County, South Carolina, reorganized educational structure to benefit the school. In 2005, Loris High School ranked in the bottom percentile among high schools, scholastically, in the state of South Carolina. Principal Strawderman knew that issues in the area of literacy plagued the school’s academic performance. Assessment statistics revealed that 74 percent of the 9th and 10th graders of the school were reading below grade level. As a result of this issue, dropout and class failings soared to extremely high figures (http://www. nassp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Strawderman, the newly appointed principal at the time, and other leaders of the school were aware of this issue, but did not realize the severity until results were revealed from student assessments. It was determined that the majority of the 9th and 10th graders at the time were reading way below grade level. After examining the textbooks utilized in the school, it was discovered that the 9th and 10th grade level books were written for 10th/ 11th grade reading comprehension. Upon the discovery of the low reading skills, Strawderman met with faculty to inform them that changes were necessary to improve reading skills of the students. Data collected about the student reading assessments was Mr. Strawderman’s proof as he provided information for this needed change (http://www. assp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Implementing Necessary Change The school’s leadership team began to read and study about ways to improve on reading. Through the study it was discovered that providing more reading would be the best solution. The leadership team identified a process that could be utilized to achieve the vision. Through the vision of Strawderman and the leadership team, a ho meroom reading initiative was put in place immediately. Two days for 50 minutes a week have been designated for this activity. Students were grouped by grade level and lexile level. Strawderman and his team stressed the importance of steering away negative connotations with this activity, and felt that grouping by lexile level was pertinent (http://www. nassp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Challenges and Rewards As with change, Mr. Strawderman faced defiance by some faculty members. Comments like, â€Å"Some students are going to think this is stupid and childish,† were used to discourage this new activity. As the process began, aproximately $70,000 was spent on high interest inventory reading. Strawderman and his committee did all of the work, not putting the strain on the teachers with implementing this program. This process was made easy as possible for the teachers. After the program began, it was discovered that the students loved the program. The majority of the at-risk students enjoyed it the most. What was also discovered, is that every student may act is if they do not like to read, but they all want to know how to read (http://www. nassp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Within this program celebrations were rendered and awards are given as incentives. This program provided an additional 33 hours of reading in the school for the year and has provided a positive outlook for the school’s reading deficit. Since Strawderman became principal, the school has made noteworthy and substantial cultural and meaningful changes that have led to effective progress for each student. Strawderman understood that the necessary changes implemented could not done by him solely. Along with making improvements for students, Strawderman also realized the importance in providing leadership and support for his staff members. â€Å"He envisioned a school of professional learning communities in which teachers worked together ‘to choose every day to make a difference in the lives of our students’ (http://www. assp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). First Order or Second Order Change? First and second order change are natural occurrences involved within settings of change. It has been reported that uninterrupted, first order change happens without interference to the system in place. Within this particular order of change the leader is involved in pushing for improvement within the productivity an d value of a school or program without making major alterations to what has been established among teachers and students. In addition, this conflict often faces less confusion and divergence (Green, 2013). Second order change, on the other hand, faces uneasy transitions because of change and interruption to the system in place. In this particular order of change the existing order is taken in another direction for the good of the school or program. Furthermore there are new objectives, as well as changes in structure and programs in which individuals are asked to function differently within their role (Green, 2013). Becoming principal of Loris High School, opened doors of opportunity for Trevor Strawderman to make necessary changes for the betterment of the school. Strawderman initially took some matters in his hand to push for this change by presenting data figures to faculty as proof of the situation in need. As a result of this new change every teacher was given a task to apply â€Å"student lexile levels from the Measures of Academic Progress -Reading (MAP-R) computerized assessments to gauge students’ mastery of basic reading skills† (http://www. nassp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Because implementing these changes required disruption to the already established program curriculum, Strawderman and his team faced some defiance. This situation is reflective of the second-order change. The Good and the Bad Although the reading program at Loris High School has brought forth much success, negativity surfaced at the beginning stages of implementing this program. Mildly disgruntled teachers gave notion of their dislike of changing their already established curriculum without consulting them fully. Before allowing the situation to escalate with these faculty members, Mr.  Strawderman could have met with the teachers to answer questions and to address concerns about the immediate change once he brought it forward. (http://www. nassp. org/Content. aspx? topic=59746). Working collaboratively with faculty could have also presented a variety of innovative ideas. Michael Fullan’s reports on research indicates that institutionalization of modification and change is extremely challenging. Moreover, additional reports reveal that school improvements that are substantial and long-term rarely can be set, authorized or guided by organizations or individuals (Fullan, 1993). When change occurs in a school setting the following attitudes may arise: â€Å"teachers may feel a sense of in adequacy or lack of preparation, or they may fear the unknown or perceive a loss of power or control† (Green, 2013). Conclusion Through this assignment an abundance of useful information was grasped regarding leadership and instructional change. Due to the changes in time, it is pertinent for all leaders to foster the ideas of bringing forth instructional change in a school setting. The way children are educated must change because children, the world, and economics are changing daily. At times change is considered taboo and frightening. However, when handled effectively and efficiently, it may be the cure to an ailing situation. There is much confidence among the reorganizers of school and researchers in the field of education that enhancing the learning opportunities of practicing teachers will boost and develop teacher performance and progress to developmentally improved student outcomes (Parise Spillane, 2010).